For example, the function of shivering in response to cold is to produce heat maintaining internal temperature at around 37 ☌ (98.6 ☏). Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a certain chemical equilibrium in the brain and throughout the body. Genes that encode for the Alpha5 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor affect nicotine and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. When the drug is removed, these conditions may resurface and be confused with withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms from withdrawal may be even more dramatic when the drug has masked prolonged malnutrition, disease, chronic pain, infections (common in intravenous drug use), or sleep deprivation, conditions that drug abusers often develop as a secondary consequence of the drug.
The term " cold turkey" is used to describe the sudden cessation use of a substance and the ensuing physiologic manifestations. While it is seldom fatal to the user, withdrawal from opiates (and some other drugs) can cause miscarriage, due to fetal withdrawal. However, withdrawal from certain drugs ( barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, glucocorticoids) can be fatal. There are different stages of withdrawal as well generally, a person will start to feel bad (crash or come down), progress to feeling worse, hit a plateau, and then the symptoms begin to dissipate. The route of administration, whether intravenous, intramuscular, oral or otherwise, can also play a role in determining the severity of withdrawal symptoms. Many prescription and legal nonprescription substances can also cause withdrawal symptoms when individuals stop consuming them, even if they were taken as directed by a physician. Withdrawal from nicotine can cause irritability, fatigue, insomnia, headache, and difficulty concentrating. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms include irritability, fatigue, shaking, sweating, and nausea.
Withdrawal symptoms from opiates include anxiety, sweating, vomiting, and diarrhea. For example, prolonged use of an antidepressant medication is likely to cause a rather different reaction when discontinued compared to discontinuation of an opioid, such as heroin. Drug dependence develops from consuming one or more substances over a period of time.ĭependence arises in a dose-dependent manner and produces withdrawal symptoms that vary with the type of drug that is consumed. This may occur as physical dependence, psychological dependence or both. In order for the symptoms of withdrawal to occur, one must have first developed a form of drug dependence. Drug withdrawal, drug withdrawal syndrome, or substance withdrawal syndrome, is the group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in the intake of pharmaceutical or recreational drugs.
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